| Education and professional qualifications |
| Teaching Cert. (Hong Kong) 1962 |
| B.A. (Hons.) History (The University of Hong Kong) 1967 |
| Dip. in Commercial Policy (Geneva) 1970 |
| Dip. in Mgt Studies (The University of Hong Kong) 1971 |
| F.B.I.M. (United Kingdom) 1982 |
| F.Inst.A.M. (United Kingdom) 1982 |
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